Traditional Soap Making

Guide To Creating Spa Products

The handcrafter's companion is a program designed to help everyone regardless of whether they have ever tried the making soap on their own and failed or whether they are newbies. This program uses step by step guide which contains information easy to read, understand and successfully apply to make your home-made soaps and spa treatments. All the techniques applied in this program have undergone through testing and results have proven that they work efficiently to guarantee you 100% positive results. When you enroll in this program, you will not strain in wondering where you will get the raw materials, how to package your product or where to supply the products as all these are already in place. This program has many benefits attached to it some of them being to ensure that your skin glows naturally and you save on the cost you could have otherwise spent on spa treatments. More here...

Guide To Creating Spa Products Summary

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Soaps Synthetic Surfactants And Polymers

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Soaps, surfactants and polymers are discussed together, following the discussion of petroleum, because most of the polymers and the surfactants in detergents are made mainly from chemicals derived from petroleum. Natural fats and oils are also used in the manufacture of surfactants (Figure 7-1). Soaps and surfactants contain segments of linear or lightly branched hydrocarbon chains that are, in the main, broken down to acetate up on metabolism by microorganisms in the environment. The biodegradation of petroleum occurs by the same pathway once a terminal carbon has been oxidized to a carboxyl grouping. The rate of degradation by other environmental reagents such as sunlight, oxygen, or water is much slower than that of microbial degradation. Toilet soaps Shampoos FIGURE 7-1 Surfactants for household detergents petrochemical raw materials and uses. Redrawn from Soaps and Detergents, Susan Ainsworth, Chem. Eng. News, Jan. 24, 1994. Used by permission of SRI Consulting.

Boron and Plants

Abstract Boron is found naturally in the earth's crust in the oxidized form as borax and colemanite, particularly in the oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal, shale, and some soils. It is never found in the elemental form in nature possessing a complex chemistry similar to that of silicon, with properties switching between metals and non-metals. Boron has become an important and strategic element in terms of developing technologies. It is released into the environment mainly through the weathering of rocks, volatilization from oceans, geothermal steam, burning of agricultural refuse and fuel wood, power generators (coal oil combustion), glass industry, household use of boron-containing products (including soaps and detergents), borax mining and processing, leaching from treated wood and paper, chemical plants, and sewage sludge disposal, but a major proportion originates from the weathering of rocks. Boron is regarded as an essential element for human beings, animals and plants.

Alkaline Earth Metals Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium and Barium

Magnesium and calcium ions are extremely common in natural water systems, with calcium carbonate (limestone) and dolomite CaMg(CO3 )2 being two widespread natural sources. Solubility in water is influenced by pH and CO2 content. The two ions are responsible for the hardness of water, which manifests itself by precipitation with soaps, the calcium carbonate deposits that form when water is heated (boiler scale), and so on. For many purposes (washing, waters for certain heat exchange processes), the precipitates formed by calcium and magnesium ions are obnoxious, and the ions must be held in solution by chelation or removed by ion exchange processes or precipitation in a way that prevents the formation of harmful products. Both magnesium and calcium are essential elements needed in significant amounts by living organisms. Except in the context of the problems just noted, they are not harmful either in solution or as particulate material.

Surfactants

Surfactants (Fig. 23) represent one of the major and most versatile groups of organic compounds produced around the world 314 . Their main uses are industrial, 54 (cleaning products, food, and industrial processing), household, 29 (laundry, dishwashing, etc.) and personal care, 17 (soaps, shampoos, cosmetics). The worldwide production in 1988 315 was 2.8 million tons. Surfactants, natural 316,317 or synthetic, change the solubility and physico-chemical state of other environmental micro-constituents 318, 319 and influence their accumulation and spreading at phase boundaries 320 .